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By: Nicanor Wong Arch Ortiz / / jnwong@cap-regionallima.org

Summary: modern rationalism into question the definitions from all past, including culture. What is the culture today? Certainly an accumulation of events manipulated by the mass media. Individual identity is lost in the ordinary, discursive intellect recipient, the discursive order in narrative. Morató Javier del Rey, Doctor of Science in Information from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, opens up some ideas in this current situation.

The difficulty of talking about the political culture is older in this category, and has its origin in the difficulty of reaching consensus on what is culture thing. Moles (1) reminds us that there are two hundred and fifty definitions of culture, which realizes the problems posed by the attempt to reach an unequivocal concept in the title of the article.

Since what interests us is to say something about political culture, settled the question of what kinds of culture is based on the psychosocial approach: culture is the human capacity in constant evolution, to interpret and change the environment, adapting to it , constitutes a praxis of new modes of reality.
citizens come into contact with the culture primarily in two ways: education and the flow of messages we get from the media. At the time humanistic studies proposed a scheme of the universe of ideas and knowledge, the individual then found again in the adult world. But that is no longer so, and today there is no direct connection between them, especially since the advent of television.

culture, pantry and politics

Bell (2) recognizes that culture has become the most dynamic component of our civilization, in a boost in the idea of \u200b\u200bchange and novelty led to the search for the new. Bell writes that the idea of \u200b\u200bone or more leading the vanguard elites suggests that art and modern culture would never serve as reflections of underlying social structure, as would affirm Marxism (3) - but the march to begin something new. And that idea of \u200b\u200bart, once that has been legitimized, serves to institutionalize the primacy of culture in the fields of customs, morals and, ultimately, also of politics.

If Marx observed that the mode of production conditioned the rest of the dimensions of a society and culture, an ideology, reflected a substructure and could not be autonomous, Bell is amazing what happened in the United States: radical separation between the social structure - the technical and economic order - and culture. If the social structure was governed by an economic principle defined in terms of efficiency and functional rationality, culture had become prodigal, promiscuous, dominated by a humorous anti-rational, anti-intellectual, in which I began to be considered touchstone of cultural trials and the effect on me was the measure of aesthetic experience.

The character structure inherited from the nineteenth century, with its exaltation of self-discipline, delayed gratification and restrictions, was responding to the demands of the techno-economic structure, but crashed violently with culture, where those rejected bourgeois values \u200b\u200bbegan to, paradoxically, in part by the action of the capitalist economic system and its incitement to consumption and hedonistic life.

Hedonism had become cultural justification, if not moral, of capitalism. And in the "ethos" (5) liberal now prevailing, the modernist impulse, with its ideological justification for the satisfaction of the impulse as a role model, has become the model of the "imago? (6) cultural. Herein lies the cultural contradiction of capitalism. In this it has completed the double bind of modernity.

The political culture United States the problem is how democracy is compatible with the rule and in the political culture of Latin American countries the problem is how democracy is compatible with the political and economic failure. If preindustrial primary resource was the land, and in the industrial era machinery, postindustrial knowledge which are displayed as the action can change the order of things. In the information society, management and interpretation of information is an invaluable resource, and can only be promoted by education raised in prospective terms, and not anchored in the legitimacy of some contents imposed and legislated the past: education must be oriented from a picture of the future is to be conquered to promote this in terms of that goal.

political culture, a multi-dimensional concept

Political sociology understands that political culture is a multidimensional concept, large, hybrid, mestizo, including issues as varied as the activities, beliefs, political ideals and feelings that order and give meaning to a political process, and providing the basic rules governing the behavior of the political system.

political culture "includes both objective? the institutions, functions, and information about them and subjective aspects - that is, the psychological dimension of the policy, which includes such important variables as: the feeling of belonging, identity claim, motions to the collective us and the symbols that set out and updated: flag, anthem, logo of the party, the leader, the need for risk protection, endogenous or exogenous - that might threaten society.

The concept of political culture responds to a claim: to integrate findings from psychology to sociology resources and the concepts and categories of political science, Once all of the complexities of addressing phenomenological approach does not allow in terms of a single discipline and requires a transdisciplinary coalition, able to unravel its complexity.

Probably no other social activity affects such a wide range of emotions and politics, and culture that forms around this activity is a product of the media, acting on a subject whose mind has been shaped by cultural environment, political institutions and classrooms.
media and journalists, builders input and output semantic
Conceptualized as a system of political life, offers more advantages than disadvantages, especially if we understand politics as an open system, we consider the types of exchanges that the system has with its environment and the way in which members respond to this exchange system. The political culture would be the collection of information, knowledge, habits, perceptual and psychological guidelines governing relations between system and environment.

political culture can be understood as a system of conduct, with its input and output, open to environmental influences, which can be observed responses generated by members of the system to try to regulate or control the tension that comes from environmental sources and internal and external, which occurs feedback. A culture of open political system will not resemble a culture of a closed political system, a difference that needs no further explanation if you think about American culture, French or Italian and Cuban culture, Libya and China.

The open system can reduce entropy through traffic inputs (supports and demands) and products (policies), while the closed system of reservoirs, builds up and becomes a pretext to legitimize repression .

How do you communicate the stress from the environment into the political system? In the political culture of modern democracy, relations between the environment and political system take the form of inputs and cross the boundaries of the political system through the media:

• In modern democracy, media and journalists create the cognitive map of citizens and manage traffic relations between the system and its environment. Comply with such work as follows: messages become current changes taking place both in the system and in their environment;
• formalize and build semantically inputs demand and support inputs;
• coin descriptive statements ( news) and prescriptive statements (editorial) concerning behaviors, alternatives and public policy proposals;
• highlight the role of some actors over others, allowing appearing in the media (interviews), as well as experts in specific aspects of public policy, as well as politicians who evaluated this or that product, in terms of their effects or social consequences;
• analyze the changes in the environment of the system, and interpret the inputs of demands, which encourage or discourage, granting or denying legitimacy to their claims;
• develop hypotheses and conjectures the development of supporting inputs, as input entering the system and, as reported by the state frame of relations between the environment and the system;
• analyze the products of the system in terms of potential effects or consequences in relation to the problems they solve, or the demands they want met;
• manage the flow of feedback, because they function as a system window looking out to the environment and, as a window overlooking the system environment;
• manage the validity of the values \u200b\u200bin a competitive environment, which encourages the satisfaction that is possible to give each value in a complex constellation axiological, given the pressure of facts and values \u200b\u200bon the system behavior.

The journalist contributes to achieving social homeostasis (7), although the question of whether his work is part of the social control of the shared culture is debatable, partly because much of what passes for shared culture can be interpreted as social control behaviors.

Culture and the media

The theory of mass culture, "writes Habermas (8) - studies the phenomena of social integration of consciousness through modern mass media. The philosopher recalls the skeptical analysis of Adorno (9) before mass culture, which contrasts with the hopes of Benjamin (10), on alleged emancipatory force of mass culture. Habermas argues that Adorno's analysis is insufficient because it ignores the radical ambivalence of social control exercised through the mass media.

Habermas writes that mass media are technical enhancers of linguistic communication, saving time and distances in space and multiply the possibilities of communication, denser network of communicative action, but orientations disengage action of the plexus in the world of life. Certainly, the tremendous expansion of the potential of communication is, for now, neutralized forms of organization by ensuring communication flows in one direction and not reversible communication flows.
German philosopher reminds Horkheimer analysis (11) and Adorno: communication flows replace the communication structures that had previously been possible public debate. Do electronic media? Film, radio and television-is presented as a device that enters and takes over entirely communicative language daily, with two consequences: transmute the real content of modern culture undermined stereotypes and "aseptic "of a mass culture, once purged of all subversive and transcendent moments, integrate culture in a comprehensive system of social controls omni pulled down to individuals, partly reinforces and partly replaces the weakened internal controls.

Habermas writes that the media release the communication processes of the provincial perspective contexts involving limited in space and in time, raise public spaces, implementing the abstract of a network concurrency virtually always present content of communication are distant in time and space, and putting the message contexts available to many.

media and communications horizon possible
These public spaces created by the media horizon communications hierarchy possible, while eliminating their barriers, both of which are inseparable, and therein lies the ambivalence of their potential. Channel means a unilateral communication flows in a centralized network, the center to the periphery, from top to bottom, and can enhance the effectiveness of social controls.

control But that potential is always precarious, because the very structures of communication have the potential of an emancipatory potential: the media can grab and compress simultaneously the processes of understanding, but the flow of information transmitted fails shield against the possibility that challenge the actors.
While we know that research on the influence of hearing and communication support the storyline driven by the cultural critique of Adorno, among others, Habermas reminds us of the following contradictions:

• broadcasting centers respond to competing interests, and are conditioned by them, and are not able to integrate the views of economic, political, ideological and professional
• Media fail to escape the obligations that stem from its mission of journalism;
• Messages and media programs do not always meet standards of mass culture, and even engage in trivial forms of entertainment, may contain critical messages;
• ideological messages do not always hit the spot of their target, because the influence of subcultural background can make the meaning intended by the issuer is transformed into its opposite;
• the logic of everyday communicative practice gets defensive against intervention receiver manipulative media;
• the technical development of electronic means are not necessarily running in the direction of centralization networks.

The philosopher speaks of the ambivalence of the potential influence of social media in a world in which they arise new problems and new demands. The ability to survive the social protest classic class conflict and, now emerging in other lines of conflict, that deviate from typical patterns of conflict arising around the distribution, and do not originate in the areas of material reproduction and are channeled through political parties or unions, or admit solution of economic rewards. New conflicts are related to the protection and restoration or threatened life forms or the introduction of new forms of life and are not triggered on problems of distribution, but on issues relating to the grammar of forms of life. These conflicts

express a change of values, a change of topics, a departure from the old policy, centered around issues of social and economic security, internal security and military security, and a move towards a new politics, Which is to say that we have a new sensibility and a new political culture, their issues are quality of life, equal rights, individual self-realization, participation and human rights.
If the old policy is defended by employers, workers and middle class employed in industry and commerce, the so-called new policy has its market in the new middle class, in the younger generation and the university.

Notes:
(1) Abraham Moles André (Paris, 1920). French sociologist. Highlight their contributions to the study of mass culture, especially in relation to aesthetics.
(2) Daniel Bell (New York, May 10, 1919), sociologist and professor emeritus at Harvard University.
(3) doctrine derived from the theories of German philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, of interpreting Hegel's dialectical idealism and dialectical materialism, and aims to achieve a classless society.
(4) Karl Heinrich Marx (Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate May 5, 1818 - London, March 14, 1883) was a philosopher, historian, sociologist, economist, writer and German socialist thinker. Theoretical father of scientific socialism and communism, along with Friedrich Engels.
(5) Ethos is a Greek word (ἦθος; plurals: ethe, Ethea). "Ethos", originally meaning "abode or dwelling place of men and animals", it seems that the poet Homer was the first to give this first sense. Later Aristotle is responsible for granting a second meaning to this ethos, viewing it as "habit, character or mode of being" that will be incorporated into the man throughout his existence.
(6) In psychoanalysis is used for the ideal person that has its image in the parent of the opposite sex.
(7) self-assembly phenomena of trying to keep balanced compositions and properties of the body.
(8) Jurgen Habermas (Düsseldorf, 1929), German philosopher and social theorist.
(9) Wiesengrund Theodor Adorno (September 11, 1903, Frankfurt (Germany) - August 6, 1969, Visp, Switzerland) was a German philosopher who also wrote on sociology, psychology and musicology. He is considered one of the leading representatives of the so-called Frankfurt School and critical theory Marxist.
(10) Walter Benjamin (Berlin, July 15, 1892 - Portbou, September 27, 1940) was a Marxist philosopher and literary critic and German-Jewish philosopher.
(11) Max Horkheimer W. (1895-1973). It is one of the fathers of the so-called critical theory. His goal was to create a theory of society that is liberating and Horkheimer, and other thinkers of the Frankfurt School - thought that the social sciences were increasingly dominated by instrumental rationality, which prevented them from being an instrument of social liberation.